Type 2 Diabetes
What Is It?
A chronic metabolic disorder where the body does not use insulin effectively, resulting in elevated blood glucose. Leads to cardiovascular, kidney, nerve, and eye complications if uncontrolled.
How Is It Diagnosed?
Fasting glucose >=126 mg/dL, HbA1c >=6.5%, or 2-hour glucose >=200 mg/dL on glucose tolerance test, confirmed on repeat.
How Is It Treated?
Metformin first-line, GLP-1 agonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors. Insulin if needed. Diet counseling, exercise prescription, glucose monitoring.
Tests and Imaging Typically Needed
HbA1c, fasting glucose, BMP, lipid panel, urinalysis with microalbumin, eye referral, foot exam.
Approximate Self-Pay Costs
Office visit: $95-$150. HbA1c: $25-$40. Comprehensive labs: $80-$130. Medication: $10-$400/month depending on class.