Thyroid Nodule
What Is It?
A discrete lesion in the thyroid gland detected by palpation or imaging. Found in up to 68% of adults on ultrasound. Most are benign; 5-15% may be malignant.
How Is It Diagnosed?
Thyroid ultrasound characterizes size, echogenicity, vascularity, and margins. TSH to assess function. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy for suspicious nodules (>=1 cm with intermediate or high-risk features on TIRADS).
How Is It Treated?
Benign nodule: surveillance ultrasound at 12-24 months. Malignant: endocrine surgery referral. Hot/functioning nodule: radioactive iodine ablation or surgery.
Tests and Imaging Typically Needed
TSH, free T4, thyroid ultrasound with Doppler, FNA biopsy if indicated, thyroglobulin (post-thyroidectomy).
Approximate Self-Pay Costs
Office visit: $95-$150. TSH: $20-$35. Thyroid ultrasound: $150-$300. FNA biopsy: $400-$900.