Osteoporosis
What Is It?
Low bone density increasing fracture risk. Often silent until a fragility fracture occurs (hip, spine, wrist). Most common in postmenopausal women.
How Is It Diagnosed?
DEXA scan (T-score <= -2.5 = osteoporosis). FRAX fracture risk calculator. Vitamin D and calcium levels.
How Is It Treated?
Calcium and vitamin D supplementation, weight-bearing exercise, bisphosphonates (alendronate), denosumab, or teriparatide for severe cases.
Tests and Imaging Typically Needed
DEXA scan, vitamin D, calcium, PTH, TSH, CBC, BMP, serum protein electrophoresis.
Approximate Self-Pay Costs
Office visit: $95-$150. DEXA scan: $100-$200. Alendronate: $5-$15/month. Denosumab injection: $1,200+ per dose (manufacturer savings available).