Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis)
What Is It?
Hard mineral deposits forming in the kidneys and causing severe flank pain (renal colic), hematuria, nausea, and vomiting when passing through the ureter. Calcium oxalate is most common type.
How Is It Diagnosed?
Non-contrast CT abdomen/pelvis (gold standard). Urinalysis (hematuria, crystals). Renal ultrasound for first-line if CT exposure concern. 24-hour urine collection for metabolic workup.
How Is It Treated?
Acute: aggressive hydration, NSAIDs (ketorolac) or opioids for pain, alpha-blocker (tamsulosin) for ureteral stones <=10mm. Urology for stones >10mm or obstruction. Prevention: high fluid intake (>2.5L/day), dietary modifications based on stone type.
Tests and Imaging Typically Needed
Urinalysis with microscopy, BMP, CBC, non-contrast CT, stone analysis if captured, 24-hour urine for metabolic evaluation.
Approximate Self-Pay Costs
Office visit: $95-$150. Urinalysis: $15-$25. CT abdomen/pelvis: $400-$800. Tamsulosin: $5-$15/month.